A report on Internet censorship prepared by the University of Pretoria South Africa fell into our hands, and we would like to share with you some of the interesting findings about Internet censorship by country Already, a report Warf (2011) classified countries such as :.
worst Internet censors: China, Burma / Myanmar, Vietnam and Iran
censors serious Internet :. Russia, Belarus, Pakistan, the Arab countries (Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Bahrain, etc.)
Internet censorship Moderate :. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, India, Central Asia, United Arab Emirates, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America
Internet censorship Light :. some countries in Latin America, South and Eastern Europe
. Uncensored Internet :. Western Europe and the USA (the most popular place of the VPN provider servers)
The following is a brief overview of the country on censorship Internet for a small selection of countries (in alphabetical order) according to the south African experts:
· Australia
There are very strict rules and measures against pornography in Australia - to such an extent that censorship in Australia has been compared to the targeted political censorship in China. Many other types of content that pornography affected by censorship, such as gaming sites. The focus is however not explicitly politically oriented. In-spite of strict rules, there seems to be some public support for a more strict control of access to pornographic information. Although he could not have a real impact on the decisions and handling of Internet censorship the government, there is room for people to speak out against Internet censorship. government sites were targeted by cyber attacks.
· Chile
rather limited reports (in English) could be traced on the Internet censorship in Chile . Some issues that stand out are the fact that it does not appear that Internet censorship is heavily regulated and enforced, decisions on censorship is often based on arbitrary views of a judge, and equipment such as disks hard to be destroyed in cases where people were held in custody were recorded. Chile is noted for its network neutrality, and also trying to make it less cumbersome for people to apply for public information via the Internet. It was noted for fast broadband Internet compared to other countries in the region.
· China
China noted the severe measures of censorship and surveillance, as well as the lack of freedom of expression. Email and other forms of Internet communication is strictly controlled: it does not seem possible to send anonymous emails, and government security was noted to infiltrate systems online monitoring purposes. Filtering software is used, and a wide range of information resources are subject to censorship, such sites, blogs, chat sessions, phone calls over the Internet. China is not only known for a very sophisticated system of censorship and surveillance, but also that it could have search terms in the fight against the circumvention methods. More reports on the no side and against the censorship were recorded for China and for one of the other countries included in this study. These include the use of circumvention software, the use of ftp sites overseas, keywords, using misspelling allegories, using Web proxy servers and cryptic codes. stringent measures are used to censorship, including Internet outages and denial of service attacks, imprisonment penalties and intimidation of journalists, bloggers and Internet content creators.
· Finland
as a democratic country reports on Finland primarily reflect concerns about the pornography, especially child pornography, as well as protection of rights: intellectual property and copyright. However, there seems to be affected by incidents of terrorism in other countries such as Norway to accentuate measures on surveillance. Concern was noted that Finland actually covers more than pornography, and even websites criticizing censorship were blocked. Blocking and filtering is voluntary. There is the perception that it is easy to the next stage censorship in Finland. Black list of blocked sites is kept secret. Concerns have been expressed that nobody seems to take responsibility for the choice of sites to block.
· Libya
Libya is marked by the controversial review of the scope and severity of censorship Internet. Although no longer on the list of monitored countries to the list of "Enemies of the Internet", serious concerns are noted in the report, particularly when Libya was under the rule of Gaddafi. Although there is no legislation on official censorship in Libya, she is nevertheless marked by a strong monitoring a variety of media ranging from email to Yahoo chat and Skype. Very few reports were picked up on concerns about the violation of privacy. Under the Gaddafi government, censorship was mainly politically oriented with many reports on actions against the conduct as criminal. Libya is especially notable for a lack of freedom of expression. There is a strong dependence of cybercafés forced to cooperate in surveillance. The means of censorship include blocking, curfews, blackouts and piracy websites.
· Myanmar
Internet censorship and surveillance in Myanmar is strongly associated with human rights violations the man. Although there are claims by the new government that loosening government control, opinions are expressed that government control is actually narrowing. In addition to blocking websites with content in contrast to the views of the government, particularly those of a political nature and dealing with human rights, there is a severe traffic monitoring and Internet communication, as well as limits on freedom of expression. A variety of media is monitored from websites and emails to Internet telephony services. Regarding violations of privacy, it is much more than reported for other countries. Myanmar is also associated with widespread censorship, lack of Internet infrastructure for the high public general costs for the use of the Internet. Outside the censorship legislation there is also legislation circumvention methods of Internet censorship. Myanmar has also developed ways to deny access of the general population to Internet content, while government officials maintain access.
· Singapore
Although Singapore is not considered an "enemy of the Internet", he is strong evidence of censorship and Internet restrictions on freedom of expression motivation of censorship based on moral grounds, in particular protection against pornography. Singapore and works from a "symbolic list of 100 sites. " In addition, demand that the government gives preference to educate and prepare the general population to act responsibly. Although the proclaimed intention is to prevent ethnic and religious conflicts, it seems that the criticism against the government is also censored. There is limited confidence on technology, sometimes blocking sites based on trial and error looking for by Internet users to identify sites to block. Different guidelines for the decision on the sites to block; they are influenced by where websites came from (eg from home compared to an institution) who accesses information (ie younger or older people). Universities have been reported to maintain the various Internet servers for staff and students.
· Turkey
Although there is an increasing mobile access, parts of Turkey are still marked by the Internet infrastructure limited and therefore subject to the ubiquitous censorship. Censorship in Turkey is aligned with the protection of families in particular as regards the protection against pornography. As in many other countries, the real impact of censorship, however, seems wider, eg websites with negative information about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (considered the father of modern Turkey by lot) being blocked. Concerns about the breach of privacy is not quite feature in the extracted data. Turkey uses a centralized filtering system, and there is a lack of transparency in terms of blocked sites. Although there first no formal legislation on censorship and surveillance, there is movement in that direction. Faced with large-scale national demonstrations against Internet filtering, steps have been taken to prevent attacks against government websites. There also appears to be increasing government censorship with the actions taken against the actions of support against Web censorship. Earlier in 2012, a large number of people participated in national demonstrations against Internet filtering. Positive trends in Turkey, including the fact that the content of blocked sites can sometimes still be found.
· UK
even if a democratic country, the United Kingdom seems to have very strict rules censorship of the Internet and especially the Internet surveillance, due to a strong concern for national security. Deep packet inspection technology is used and oversight includes the use of mobile and YouTube. Although the cases prosecuted were reported, they do not seem extreme compared to countries like China and Myanmar. Recently, the UK has experienced a number of cyber attacks by groups against Internet censorship and surveillance. Although initially there was no legislation (only regarding issues such as pornography and protection of children), the United Kingdom has accepted the law and is even considering new legislation on various issues the Internet censorship and surveillance because of national security, data protection and privacy. Current legislation provides a strong control to government - a concern for those against censorship. Many criticisms against the actions and the government's plans were noted in the extracted data, which indicates stronger freedom of speech than in other monitored countries.
0 Komentar